diff --git a/src/core/lib/Asn1.mjs b/src/core/lib/Asn1.mjs
index 06780342..d64bac7d 100644
--- a/src/core/lib/Asn1.mjs
+++ b/src/core/lib/Asn1.mjs
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ export function derToPem(hex, label) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Walk an asn1js parse tree and produce an indented dump.
+ * Walk an asn1js parse tree and produce CyberChef's indented ASN.1 dump.
  *
  * @param {string} hex
  * @param {Object} [options]
diff --git a/src/core/lib/Ecdsa.mjs b/src/core/lib/Ecdsa.mjs
index 0b1b5921..f78025bc 100644
--- a/src/core/lib/Ecdsa.mjs
+++ b/src/core/lib/Ecdsa.mjs
@@ -72,9 +72,9 @@ export function digestBytes(algo, bytes) {
 
 /**
  * Convert a JS string to bytes by Latin-1 truncation of each code unit (i.e.
- * `charCodeAt(i) & 0xff`). This keeps signatures interoperable for inputs
- * coming out of upstream byte-producing ops, while preserving the
- * (questionable) UTF-16-truncating behaviour for free-text inputs.
+ * `charCodeAt(i) & 0xff`). This preserves the operation's byte-string
+ * semantics for inputs coming out of upstream byte-producing ops, including
+ * the questionable UTF-16 truncation for free-text inputs.
  *
  * @param {string} str
  * @returns {Uint8Array}
@@ -181,8 +181,8 @@ export function isAsn1Hex(hex) {
 /**
  * Parse an ASN.1 DER-encoded ECDSA signature and return the raw r/s INTEGER
  * bytes as hex. Preserves the DER 2's-complement leading 0x00 when present
- * (i.e. r/s may have a leading "00" pair). Existing tests assume this
- * compatibility behaviour.
+ * (i.e. r/s may have a leading "00" pair) because the raw-signature fixtures
+ * assert the INTEGER byte strings, not canonicalized scalar values.
  *
  * @param {string} asn1Hex
  * @returns {{r: string, s: string}}
diff --git a/src/core/lib/KeyConvert.mjs b/src/core/lib/KeyConvert.mjs
index 29637907..0b3e5a83 100644
--- a/src/core/lib/KeyConvert.mjs
+++ b/src/core/lib/KeyConvert.mjs
@@ -369,9 +369,9 @@ function parsePkcs8(bytes) {
         return rsaPrivateFromBytes(parseRsaPrivateKey(inner));
     }
     if (alg === ID_DSA) {
-        // DSA PKCS#8 carries only x (with p/q/g in the algorithm
-        // parameters). Without y, deriving the public key is unsupported;
-        // mark the info accordingly and let derivePublicKeyInfo throw.
+        // DSA PKCS#8 carries only the private x value, with p/q/g in the
+        // algorithm parameters. It does not carry the public y value needed
+        // here, so mark the info accordingly and let derivePublicKeyInfo throw.
         return { kty: "DSA", isPrivate: true, y: null };
     }
     // EC and everything else delegate to the existing EC loader by
diff --git a/src/core/lib/SM2.mjs b/src/core/lib/SM2.mjs
index a2f219bb..eb5ac8d7 100644
--- a/src/core/lib/SM2.mjs
+++ b/src/core/lib/SM2.mjs
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ function getCurve(name) {
         Point,
         n: params.n,
         coordCharLen: params.coordCharLen,
-        // Uniform-ish random scalar in [1, n-1], matching the previous bias
-        // profile for compatibility with existing SM2 behaviour.
+        // Uniform-ish random scalar in [1, n-1]. The modulo reduction keeps
+        // the existing scalar-generation distribution for SM2 ciphertexts.
         randomScalar: () => bytesToNumberBE(dh.utils.randomSecretKey()) % (params.n - 1n) + 1n,
     };
     curveCache[name] = cached;
diff --git a/src/core/operations/ParseX509Certificate.mjs b/src/core/operations/ParseX509Certificate.mjs
index 9fede294..d83b8cc7 100644
--- a/src/core/operations/ParseX509Certificate.mjs
+++ b/src/core/operations/ParseX509Certificate.mjs
@@ -165,8 +165,8 @@ ${extensionsText}`;
 }
 
 /**
- * Format the algorithm label for the Public Key block. Mirrors the legacy
- * labels: "EC", "DSA", "RSA".
+ * Format the algorithm label for the Public Key block. The golden fixtures
+ * use short labels for the classic key families: "EC", "DSA", "RSA".
  *
  * @param {object} spki
  * @returns {string}
diff --git a/tests/operations/tests/ASN1.mjs b/tests/operations/tests/ASN1.mjs
index baadd851..af18f2a2 100644
--- a/tests/operations/tests/ASN1.mjs
+++ b/tests/operations/tests/ASN1.mjs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /**
  * ASN.1 / OID / PEM tests.
  *
- * Covers the four operations migrated to the in-house Asn1.mjs helper:
+ * Covers the four operations backed by the in-house Asn1.mjs helper:
  *   - Hex to Object Identifier
  *   - Object Identifier to Hex
  *   - Hex to PEM