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<h2><a onclick="return mV('Rom',9,'1-');">Rom 9</a> - Has God Rejected Israel?</h2>
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<p>A. Paul's heart for Israel.</p>
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<p class="c1">1. Chapter 9 brings a slight shift in focus to the Book of Romans.</p>
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<p class="c4">a. In Romans chapters one through eight, Paul thoroughly convinced us about man's need and God's glorious provision in Jesus Christ and through the Holy Spirit.</p>
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<p class="c4">b. Now, in <a onclick="return mV('Rom',9,'1-');">Rom 9</a> <a onclick="return mV('Rom',10,'1-');">through</a> <a onclick="return mV('Rom',11,'1-');">11</a>, Paul deals with the problem associated with the condition of Israel. What does it mean that Israel has missed its Messiah? What does this say about God? What does it say about Israel? What does it say about <i>our</i> present position in God?</p>
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<p class="c5">i. The question goes something like this: How can I be secure in God's love and salvation to me when it seems that Israel was once loved and saved, but now seems to be rejected and cursed? Will God also reject and curse me one day?</p>
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<p class="c5">ii. "If God cannot bring his ancient people into salvation, how do Christians know that he can save them? Paul is not here proceeding to a new and unrelated subject. These three chapters are part of the way he makes plain how God in fact saves people." (Morris)</p>
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<p class="c1">2. (<a onclick="return mV('Rom',9,'1-2');">1-2</a>) Paul's sorrow.</p>
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<p class="c2"><span>I tell the truth in Christ, I am not lying, my conscience also bearing me witness in the Holy Spirit, that I have great sorrow and continual grief in my heart.</span></p>
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<p class="c4">a. <b><span class="c3">I have great sorrow and continued grief in my heart</span></b>: In Romans eight, Paul left us at the summit of glory, assuring us that nothing can <i>separate us from the loved of God which is in Christ Jesus our Lord</i>. So why has Paul now become so somber in his tone?</p>
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<p class="c4">b. Paul has <b><span class="c3">sorrow and continual grief</span></b> because now he considers a people who seem to be separated from God's love: unbelieving Israel, who rejected God's Messiah.</p>
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<p class="c4">c. <b><span class="c3">I tell the truth in Christ, I am not lying, my conscience also bearing me witness in the Holy Spirit</span></b>: Paul uses every possible assurance to declare his great sorrow over Israel. This is something that really bothered Paul and was on his heart.</p>
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<p class="c1">3. (<a onclick="return mV('Rom',9,'3-5');">3-5</a>) The source of Paul's sorrow.</p>
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<p class="c2"><span>For I could wish that I myself were accursed from Christ for my brethren, my countrymen according to the flesh, who are Israelites, to whom <i>pertain</i> the adoption, the glory, the covenants, the giving of the law, the service <i>of God,</i> and the promises; of whom <i>are</i> the fathers and from whom, according to the flesh, Christ <i>came,</i> who is over all, <i>the</i> eternally blessed God. Amen.</span></p>
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<p class="c4">a. Paul's great love and sorrow for his brethren is dramatically displayed in his declaration "<b><span class="c3">I could wish that I myself were accursed from Christ for my brethren</span></b>." Paul says he himself is willing to be separated from Jesus if that could somehow accomplish the salvation of Israel.</p>
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<p class="c5">i. We should not think that Paul merely uses a dramatic metaphor here. The solemn assurances he gave in <a onclick="return mV('Rom',9,'1-');">Rom 9:1</a> remind us he is being completely truthful.</p>
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<p class="c5">ii. This great passion for souls gave Paul perspective. Lesser things did not trouble him because he was troubled by a great thing - the souls of men. "<span>Get love for the souls of men - then you will not be whining about a dead dog, or a sick cat, or about the crotchets of a family, and the little disturbances that John and Mary may make by their idle talk. You will be delivered from petty worries (I need not further describe them) if you are concerned about the souls of men...Get your soul full of a great grief, and your little griefs will be driven out." (Spurgeon)</span></p>
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<p class="c4">b. <b><span class="c3">I could wish that I myself were accursed</span></b>: Paul reflects the same heart Moses had in <a onclick="return mV('Exd',32,'31-32');">Exd 32:31-32</a>:<i> Then Moses returned to the <span class="c6">Lord</span> and said, "Oh, these people have committed a great sin, and have made for themselves a god of gold! Yet now, if You will forgive their sin; but if not, I pray, blot me out of Your book which You have written."</i></p>
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<p class="c5">i. Of course Paul also shows the heart of Jesus, who was willing to be accursed on behalf of others that they might be saved. (<a onclick="return mV('Gal',3,13);">Gal 3:13</a>)</p>
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<p class="c5"><span>ii. We should remember that when it came to ministry, the Jews were Paul's worst enemies. They had harassed and persecuted him from town to town, stirring up lies and violence against him. Yet he still loved them this passionately.</span></p>
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<p class="c5">iii. "It is not easy to estimate the measure of love in a Moses and a Paul. For our limited reason does not grasp it, as the child cannot comprehend the courage of warriors!" (Bengel)</p>
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<p class="c5">iv. This is a love that seems beyond us - or beyond me, at least. Yet God can build it in us as we pursue the heart of Jesus for His people.</p>
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<p class="c4">c. <b><span class="c3">The adoption, the glory, the covenants, the giving of the law, the services of God, and the promises</span></b>: The pain Paul feels for his lost brethren is all the more severe when he considers how God has blessed them with all the privileges of being His own special people.</p>
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<p class="c5">i. <b><span class="c3">The glory</span></b> speaks of God's Shekinah glory, the visible "cloud of glory" showing God's presence among His people.</p>
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<p class="c4">d. <b><span class="c3">Of whom are the fathers and from whom, according to the flesh, Christ came</span></b>: Paul also considers the human legacy of being God's chosen people. Israel not only gave us the great <b><span class="c3">fathers</span></b> of the Old Testament, but Jesus Himself came from Israel. This entire spiritual legacy makes Israel's unbelief all the more problematic.</p>
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<p class="c4">e. <b><span class="c3">Christ...who is over all, the eternally blessed God, Amen</span></b>: This is one of Paul's clear statements that Jesus is God. Those who prefer a punctuation that says otherwise impose their pre-conceived views on the text. "The grammatical arguments almost all favor the first position [that it says that Christ is God], but most recent scholars accept the second [that God here refers to the Father] on the grounds that Paul nowhere else says explicitly that Christ is God." (Morris)</p>
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<p class="c5">i. Wuest, quoting Robertson: [This is a] "clear statement of the deity of Christ following the remark about His humanity. This is the natural and obvious way of punctuating the sentence. To make a full stop after <i>flesh</i> and start a new sentence for the doxology is very abrupt and awkward."</p>
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<p>B. Why Israel is in its present condition from God's perspective: Israel missed the Messiah because it was according to God's sovereign plan.</p>
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<p class="c1">1. (<a onclick="return mV('Rom',9,'6-9');">6-9</a>) Has God failed with His plan regarding Israel? No; God has not failed His children of promise.</p>
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<p class="c2"><span>But it is not that the word of God has taken no effect. For they <i>are</i> not all Israel who <i>are</i> of Israel, nor <i>are they</i> all children because they are the seed of Abraham; but, "In Isaac your seed shall be called." That is, those who <i>are</i> the children of the flesh, these <i>are</i> not the children of God; but the children of the promise are counted as the seed. For this <i>is</i> the word of promise: "At this time I will come and Sarah shall have a son."</span></p>
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<p class="c4">a. <b><span class="c3">It is not that </span></b><b><span class="c3">the word of God has taken no effect</span></b>: Paul thinks of someone looking at Israel and saying, "God's word didn't come through for them. He didn't fulfill His promise for them because they missed their Messiah and now seem cursed. How do I know that He will come through for me?" Paul answers the question by asserting that <b><span class="c3">it is not that </span></b><b><span class="c3">the word of God has taken no effect</span></b>.</p>
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<p class="c4">b. <b><span class="c3">For they are not all Israel who are of Israel</span></b>: One meaning of the name <b><span class="c3">Israel</span></b> is "governed by God." Paul says here that not all <b><span class="c3">Israel</span></b> is really "governed by God." Did God's word fail? No; instead, <b><span class="c3">they are not all</span> </b><i>governed by God</i> <b><span class="c3">who are of Israel</span></b>.</p>
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<p class="c5">i. "Paul tells us that no one is truly Israel unless he is governed by God. We have a parallel situation with the word 'Christian.' Not everyone who is called a Christian is truly a follower of Christ." (Smith)</p>
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<p class="c4">c. <b><span class="c3">The children of the promise are counted as the seed</span></b>: God's word didn't fail, because God still reaches His <b><span class="c3">children of the promise</span></b>, which may or may not be the same as physical Israel.</p>
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<p class="c4">d. Paul demonstrates this by pointing out that merely being the descendant of Abraham saves no one. It is not being <b><span class="c3">children of the flesh</span></b> that works something before God, but only being <b><span class="c3">children of the promise</span></b>.</p>
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<p class="c4">e. For example, Ishmael was just as much a son of Abraham as Isaac was; but Ishmael was a son according to the flesh, and Isaac was a son according to the promise (<b><span class="c3">At this time I will come and Sarah will have a son</span></b>). One was the heir of God's covenant of salvation, and one was not.</p>
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<p class="c1">2. (<a onclick="return mV('Rom',9,'10-13');">10-13</a>) Another example of the fact that promise is more important than natural relation: Jacob and Esau.</p>
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<p class="c2"><span>And not only <i>this,</i> but when Rebecca also had conceived by one man, <i>even</i> by our father Isaac (for <i>the children</i> not yet being born, nor having done any good or evil, that the purpose of God according to election might stand, not of works but of Him who calls), it was said to her, "The older shall serve the younger." As it is written, "Jacob I have loved, but Esau I have hated."</span></p>
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<p class="c4">a. <b><span class="c3">Our father Isaac</span></b>: God's choice between Ishmael and Isaac seems somewhat logical to us. It's a lot harder to understand why God chose Jacob to be the heir of God's covenant of salvation instead of Esau. We might not understand it as easily, but God's choice is just as valid.</p>
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<p class="c4">b. <b><span class="c3">Not yet being born, nor having done any good or evil</span></b>: Paul points out that God's choice was not based on the performance of Jacob or Esau. The choice was made before they were born.</p>
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<p class="c4">c. <b><span class="c3">That the purpose of God according to election might stand, not of works but of Him who calls</span></b><span>: </span>So we do not think that God chose Jacob over Esau because He knew their works in advance, Paul points out that it was <b><span class="c3">not of works</span></b>. Instead, the reason for choosing was found in <b><span class="c3">Him who calls</span></b>.</p>
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<p class="c4">d. <b><span class="c3">The older shall serve the younger</span></b>: God announced these intentions to Rebecca before the children were born, and He repeated His verdict long after Jacob and Esau had both passed from the earth (<b><span class="c3">Jacob I have loved, but Esau I have hated</span></b>).</p>
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<p class="c5">i. We should regard the <b><span class="c3">love</span></b> and the <b><span class="c3">hate</span></b> God speaks of here as having to do with His purpose in choosing one to become the heir of the covenant of Abraham. In that regard, God's preference could rightly be regarded as a display of <b><span class="c3">love</span></b> towards Jacob and <b><span class="c3">hate</span></b> towards Esau.</p>
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<p class="c5">ii. Morris cites examples where <b><span class="c3">hate</span></b> clearly seems to mean something like "loved less" (<a onclick="return mV('Gen',29,31);">Gen 29:31</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Gen',29,33);">29:33</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Deu',21,15);">Deu 21:15</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Mat',6,24);">Mat 6:24</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Luk',14,26);">Luk 14:26</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Jhn',12,25);">Jhn 12:25</a>). Yet he agrees with Calvin's idea that the real thought here is much more like "accepted" and "rejected" more than our understanding of the terms "loved" and "hated."</p>
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<p class="c5">iii. All in all, we see that Esau <i>was</i> a blessed man (<a onclick="return mV('Gen',33,'8-16');">Gen 33:8-16</a>, <a onclick="return mV('Gen',36,'1-');">Gen 36</a>). God <i>hated</i> Esau in regard to inheriting the covenant, not in regard to blessing in this life or the next.</p>
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<p class="c5">iv. "A woman once said to Mr. Spurgeon, 'I cannot understand why God should say that He hated Esau.' 'That,' Spurgeon replied, 'is not my difficulty, madam. My trouble is to understand how God could love Jacob.'" (Newell)</p>
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<p class="c4">e. Our greatest error in considering the choices of God is to think that God chooses for arbitrary reasons, as if He chooses in an "eeny-meeny-miny-moe" way. We may not be able to fathom God's reasons for choosing, and they are reasons He alone knows and answers to, but God's choices are <i>not</i> capricious. He has a plan and a reason.</p>
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<p class="c1">3. (<a onclick="return mV('Rom',9,'14-16');">14-16</a>) Does God's choosing one over another make God unrighteous?</p>
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<p class="c2"><span>What shall we say then? <i>Is there</i> unrighteousness with God? Certainly not! For He says to Moses, "I will have mercy on whomever I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whomever I will have compassion." So then <i>it is</i> not of him who wills, nor of him who runs, but of God who shows mercy.</span></p>
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<p class="c4">a. <b><span class="c3">Is there unrighteousness with God?</span></b> Paul answers this question strongly: <b><span class="c3">Certainly not!</span></b> God clearly explains His right to give mercy to whomever He pleases in <a onclick="return mV('Exd',33,19);">Exd 33:19</a>.</p>
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<p class="c4">b. <b><span class="c3">I will have mercy on whomever I will have mercy</span></b>: Remember what <b><span class="c3">mercy</span></b> is. Mercy is <i>not</i> getting what we do deserve. God is never <i>less</i> than fair with anyone, but fully reserves the right to be <i>more</i> than fair with individuals as He chooses.</p>
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<p class="c5">i. Jesus spoke of this right of God in the parable of the landowner in <a onclick="return mV('Mat',20,'1-16');">Mat 20:1-16</a>.</p>
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<p class="c5">ii. We are in a dangerous place when we regard God's mercy towards us as our <i>right</i>. If God is obliged to show mercy, then it is not mercy - it is obligation. No one is ever <i>unfair</i> for <i>not</i> giving mercy.</p>
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<p class="c4">c. <b><span class="c3">So then it is not of him who wills, nor of him who runs, but of God who shows mercy</span></b><span>: </span>God's mercy is not given to us because of what we wish to do (<b><span class="c3">him who wills</span></b>), or because of what we actually do (<b><span class="c3">him who runs</span></b>), but simply out of His desire to show mercy.</p>
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<p class="c1">4. (<a onclick="return mV('Rom',9,'17-18');">17-18</a>) The example of Pharaoh.</p>
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<p class="c2"><span>For the Scripture says to Pharaoh, "For this very purpose I have raised you up, that I may show My power in you, and that My name may be declared in all the earth." Therefore He has mercy on whom He wills, and whom He wills He hardens.</span></p>
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<p class="c4">a. <b><span class="c3">The Scripture says to Pharaoh, "For this very purpose I have raised you up</span></b><span>: </span>God allowed the Pharaoh of Moses' day to rise to power so that God could show the strength of His judgment against him, and thereby glorify Himself.</p>
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<p class="c4">b. <b><span class="c3">Therefore He has mercy on whom He wills, and whom He wills He hardens</span></b><span>: </span>Sometimes God will glorify Himself through showing mercy; sometimes God will glorify Himself through a man's hardness.</p>
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<p class="c5">i. We should not think that God persuaded an unwilling, kind-hearted Pharaoh to be hard towards God and His people. In hardening the heart of Pharaoh, God simply allowed his heart to pursue its natural inclination.</p>
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<p class="c4">c. We know that Pharaoh did harden his own heart, according to <a onclick="return mV('Exd',7,13);">Exd 7:13</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Exd',7,22);">7:22</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Exd',8,15);">8:15</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Exd',8,19);">8:19</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Exd',8,32);">8:32</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Exd',9,7);">9:7</a>, and <a onclick="return mV('Exd',9,34);">9:34</a>. But "He does not so much as bother to indicate that Pharaoh hardened his own heart, an evidence of unbelief and rebellion, because he is emphasizing the freedom of God's action in all cases." (Harrison)</p>
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<p class="c1">5. (<a onclick="return mV('Rom',9,'19-21');">19-21</a>) Does the sovereign right of God to choose relieve man of responsibility?</p>
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<p class="c2"><span>You will say to me then, "Why does He still find fault? For who has resisted His will?" But indeed, O man, who are you to reply against God? Will the thing formed say to him who formed <i>it,</i> "Why have you made me like this?" Does not the potter have power over the clay, from the same lump to make one vessel for honor and another for dishonor?</span></p>
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<p class="c4">a. <b><span class="c3">You will say to me then, "Why does He still find fault? For who has resisted His will?"</span></b> Paul imagines someone asking, "If it is all a matter of God's choice, then how can God find fault with me? How can anyone go against God's choice?"</p>
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<p class="c4">b. <b><span class="c3">Indeed, O man, who are you to reply against God?</span></b> Paul replies by showing how disrespectful such a question is. If God says He chooses, and if God also says that we are responsible before Him, who are we to question Him?</p>
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<p class="c4">c. <b><span class="c3">Does not the potter have power over the clay</span></b>: Does not God have the same right that any Creator has over his creation? Therefore, if God also declares that we have an eternal responsibility before Him, then it is so.</p>
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<p class="c1">6. (<a onclick="return mV('Rom',9,'22-24');">22-24</a>) Doesn't God have the right to glorify Himself as He sees fit?</p>
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<p class="c2"><i><span>What </span></i><span>if God, wanting to show <i>His</i> wrath and to make His power known, endured with much longsuffering the vessels of wrath prepared for destruction, and that He might make known the riches of His glory on the vessels of mercy, which He had prepared beforehand for glory, <i>even</i> us whom He called, not of the Jews only, but also of the Gentiles?</span></p>
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<p class="c4">a. <b><span class="c3">What if God</span></b>: Again, the same principle from God's dealing with Pharaoh is repeated. If God chooses to glorify Himself through letting people go their own way and letting them righteously receive His wrath so as to <b><span class="c3">make His power known</span></b>, who can oppose Him?</p>
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<p class="c4">b. <b><span class="c3">He might make known the riches of His glory on the vessels of mercy</span></b>: As well, if God desires to be <i>more</i> than fair with others, showing them His mercy, who can oppose Him?</p>
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<p class="c4">c. <b><span class="c3">But also of the Gentiles</span></b>: And if God wants to show mercy to the Gentiles as well as the Jews (of course, never being <i>less</i> than fair to either), who can oppose Him?</p>
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<p>i. "The Jews were inclined to think that God could not make them anything other than vessels of honor. Paul rejects this view and points out that God does what he wills." (Morris)</p>
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<p class="c4">d. When Paul says that there are <b><span class="c3">vessels of wrath prepared for destruction</span></b>, we should not think that <i>God</i> has prepared them so. Those vessels do an adequate job on their own.</p>
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<p class="c1">7. (<a onclick="return mV('Rom',9,'25-26');">25-26</a>) The prophet Hosea (in <a onclick="return mV('Hsa',2,23);">Hsa 2:23</a> and <a onclick="return mV('Hsa',1,10);">1:10</a>) declares God's right to choose, calling those who previously were not called His people.</p>
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<p class="c2"><span>As He says also in Hosea: "I will call them My people, who were not My people, and her beloved, who was not beloved." And it shall come to pass in the place where it was said to them, 'You <i>are</i> not My people,' there they shall be called sons of the living God."</span></p>
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<p class="c4">a. <b><span class="c3">You are not My people</span></b>: These passages from <a onclick="return mV('Hsa',2,23);">Hsa 2:23</a> and <a onclick="return mV('Hsa',1,10);">1:10</a> shows how merciful God is. God told the prophet Hosea to name one of his children <i>Lo-Ammi</i>, meaning "Not My People." Yet God also promised that this judgment would not last forever. One day Israel would be restored and once again be called <b><span class="c3">sons of the living God</span></b>.</p>
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<p class="c1">8. (<a onclick="return mV('Rom',9,'27-29');">27-29</a>) Isaiah (in <a onclick="return mV('Isa',10,23);">Isa 10:23</a> and <a onclick="return mV('Isa',10,23);">1:9</a>) declares God's right to choose a remnant among Israel for salvation.</p>
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<p class="c2"><span>Isa also cries out concerning Israel: "Though the number of the children of Israel be as the sand of the sea, the remnant will be saved. For He will finish the work and cut <i>it</i> short in righteousness, because the <span class="c6">Lord</span> will make a short work upon the earth." And as Isaiah said before: "Unless the <span class="c6">Lord</span> of Sabaoth had left us a seed, we would have become like Sodom, and we would have been made like Gomorrah."</span></p>
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<p class="c4">a. <b><span class="c3">The remnant will be saved</span></b>: The passage quoted from <a onclick="return mV('Isa',10,23);">Isa 10:23</a> speaks first to God's work in saving a remnant from the coming Assyrian destruction. The suffering of God's people at the hands of the Assyrians and others would make them feel as if they would certainly be destroyed. God assures them that this is not the case. He will always preserve His <b><span class="c3">remnant</span></b>.</p>
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<p class="c5">i. God has always dealt with a <b><span class="c3">remnant</span></b>. "It was stupid to think that, since the whole nation had not entered the blessing, the promise of God had failed. The promise had not been made to the whole nation and had never been intended to apply to the whole nation." (Morris)</p>
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<p class="c4">b. <b><span class="c3">We would have become like Sodom</span></b>: Sodom and Gomorrah were <i>completely</i> destroyed in judgment. This quotation from <a onclick="return mV('Isa',1,9);">Isa 1:9</a> shows that a<span>s bad as Judah's state was because of their sin, it could have been worse. It was only by the mercy of God that they survived at all. <b><span class="c3">Sodom</span></b></span> and <b><span class="c3">Gomorrah</span></b> were both totally destroyed, with not even a <b><span class="c3">very small remnant</span></b> to carry on. Even in the midst of judgment, God showed His mercy to Judah.</p>
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<p class="c5">i. The merciful promise is clear: "But if <i>only</i> a remnant will survive, <i>at least</i> a remnant will survive, and constitute the hope of restoration." (Bruce)</p>
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<p>C. Why Israel is in its present condition from man's perspective: Israel missed the Messiah because they refuse to come by faith.</p>
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<p class="c1">1. (<a onclick="return mV('Rom',9,'30-31');">30-31</a>) Analyzing the present situation of Israel and the Gentiles according to a human perspective.</p>
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<p class="c2"><span>What shall we say then? That Gentiles, who did not pursue righteousness, have attained to righteousness, even the righteousness of faith; but Israel, pursuing the law of righteousness, has not attained to the law of righteousness.</span></p>
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<p class="c4">a. <b><span class="c3">Gentiles, who did not pursue righteousness, have attained to righteousness</span></b>: By all present appearance, the Gentiles found righteousness even though it did not seem that they really looked for it.</p>
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<p class="c4">b. <b><span class="c3">But Israel...has not attained to the law of righteousness</span></b>: By all present appearance, Israel seemed to work for the righteousness of God with everything it had, but did not find it.</p>
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<p class="c4">c. What was the difference? Why did the unlikely Gentiles find righteousness, when the likely Jews did not? Because the Gentiles pursued <b><span class="c3">the righteousness of faith</span></b>, and the Jews pursued <b><span class="c3">the law of righteousness</span></b>. The Gentiles who were saved came to God through faith, receiving His righteousness. The Jews who seem to be cast off from God tried to justify themselves before God by performing works according to <b><span class="c3">the law of righteousness</span></b>.</p>
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<p class="c1">2. (<a onclick="return mV('Rom',9,'32-33');">32-33</a>) Paul emphasizes the reason why Israel seems cast off from God's goodness and righteousness: <b><span class="c3">Because they did not seek it by faith</span></b>.</p>
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<p class="c2"><span>Why? Because <i>they did</i> not <i>seek it</i> by faith, but as it were, by the works of the law. For they stumbled at that stumbling stone. As it is written: "Behold, I lay in Zion a stumbling stone and rock of offense, And whoever believes on Him will not be put to shame."</span></p>
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<p class="c4">a. <b><span class="c3">Because they did not seek it by faith</span></b>: We might expect Paul to answer the question "<b><span class="c3">Why?</span></b>" again from God's perspective, and simply throw the matter back on the sovereign choosing of God. Instead, he places the responsibility with Israel: <b><span class="c3">Because <i>they</i> did not seek it by faith...<i>they</i> stumbled at that stumbling stone</span></b>.</p>
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<p class="c5">i. Paul has already shown in Romans that the only possible way to be saved is through faith, not the works of the law; and that this salvation comes only through the work of a crucified Savior - which was a stumbling block to Israel (<a onclick="return mV('1Cr',1,'22-23');">1Cr 1:22-23</a>).</p>
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<p class="c4">b. <b><span class="c3">For they stumbled at that stumbling stone</span></b>: So, Paul shows that Israel is responsible for their present condition. Has Paul contradicted everything he has previously said, which emphasized God's sovereign plan? Of course not, he simply presents the problem from the other side of the coin - the side of human responsibility, instead of the side of God's sovereign choice.</p>
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