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<title>Blue Letter Bible: Text Commentaries</title>
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PriorBook = 'Micah';
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Title = 'The Book of Nahum';
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SubTitle3 = 'CHAPTER 3';
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<p id="Chapter3" align="center">Commentary by A. R. FAUSSET<br>CHAPTER 3
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<p id="Na3_1"><a onclick="return mV('Nah',3,'1-19');">Nah 3:1-19</a>. REPETITION OF NINEVEH'S DOOM, WITH NEW FEATURES; THE CAUSE IS HER TYRANNY, RAPINE, AND CRUELTY: NO-AMMON'S FORTIFICATIONS DID NOT SAVE HER; IT IS VAIN, THEREFORE, FOR NINEVEH TO THINK HER DEFENSES WILL SECURE HER AGAINST GOD'S SENTENCE.
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<p><b>1. the bloody city!</b>—literally, "city of blood," namely, shed by Nineveh; just so now her own blood is to be shed.
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<br><br><b>robbery</b>—violence [MAURER]. Extortion [GROTIUS].
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<br><br><b>the prey departeth not</b>—Nineveh never ceases to live by rapine. Or, the <i>Hebrew</i> verb is transitive, "she (Nineveh) does not make the prey depart"; she ceases not to plunder.
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<p id="Na3_2"><b>2.</b> The reader is transported into the midst of the fight (compare <a onclick="return mV('Jer',47,3);">Jer 47:3</a>). The "noise of the whips" urging on the horses (in the chariots) is heard, and of "the rattling of the wheels" of war chariots, and the "horses" are seen "prancing," and the "chariots jumping," etc.
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<p id="Na3_3"><b>3. horseman</b>—distinct from "the horses" (in the chariots, <a onclick="return mV('Nah',3,2);">Nah 3:2</a>).
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<br><br><b>lifteth up</b>—denoting readiness for fight [EWALD]. GESENIUS translates, "lifteth up (literally, 'makes to ascend') his horse." Similarly MAURER, "makes his horse to rise up on his hind feet." <i>Vulgate</i> translates, "ascending," that is, making his horse to advance up to the assault. This last is perhaps better than <i>English Version.</i>
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<br><br><b>the bright sword and the glittering spear</b>—literally, "the glitter of the sword and the flash of the spear!" This, as well as the translation, "the horseman advancing up," more graphically presents the battle scene to the eye.
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<br><br><b>they stumble upon their corpses</b>—The <i>Medo-Babylonian</i> enemy stumble upon the <i>Assyrian corpses.</i>
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<p id="Na3_4"><b>4. Because of the multitude of the whoredoms</b>—This assigns the reason for Nineveh's destruction.
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<br><br><b>of the well-favoured harlot</b>—As Assyria was not a worshipper of the true God, "whoredoms" cannot mean, as in the case of Israel, apostasy to the worship of false gods; but, her <i>harlot-like artifices</i> whereby she allured neighboring states so as to subject them to herself. As the unwary are allured by the "well-favored harlot's" looks, so Israel, Judah (for example, under Ahaz, who, calling to his aid Tiglath-pileser, was made tributary by him, <a onclick="return mV('2Ki',16,'7-10');">2Ki 16:7-10</a>), and other nations, were tempted by the plausible professions of Assyria, and by the lure of commerce (<a onclick="return mV('Rev',18,2,3);">Rev 18:2-3</a>), to trust her.
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<br><br><b>witchcrafts</b>— (<a onclick="return mV('Isa',47,9);">Isa 47:9</a>, <a onclick="return mV('Isa',47,12);">12</a>). Alluding to the love incantations whereby harlots tried to dement and ensnare youths; answering to the subtle machinations whereby Assyria attracted nations to her.
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<br><br><b>selleth</b>—deprives of their liberty; as slaves used to be <i>sold:</i> and in other property also <i>sale</i> was a usual mode of transfer. MAURER understands it of depriving nations of their freedom, and literally <i>selling</i> them as slaves to distant peoples (<a onclick="return mV('Joe',3,2,36,8);">Joe 3:2-3, 6-8</a>). But elsewhere there is no evidence that the Assyrians did this.
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<br><br><b>families</b>—peoples.
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<p id="Na3_5"><b>5. I will discover thy skirts upon thy face</b>—that is, discover thy nakedness by <i>throwing up thy skirts upon thy face</i> (the greatest possible insult), pulling them up as as high as thy head (<a onclick="return mV('Jer',13,22);">Jer 13:22</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Eze',16,'37-41');">Eze 16:37-41</a>). I will treat thee not as a matron, but as a harlot whose shame is exposed; her gaudy finery being lifted up off her (<a onclick="return mV('Isa',47,2,3);">Isa 47:2-3</a>). So Nineveh shall be stripped of all her glory and defenses on which she prides herself.
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<p id="Na3_6"><b>6. cast abominable filth upon thee</b>—as infamous harlots used to be treated.
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<br><br><b>gazing stock</b>—exposed to public ignominy as a warning to others (<a onclick="return mV('Eze',28,17);">Eze 28:17</a>).
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<p id="Na3_7"><b>7. all...that look upon thee</b>—when thou hast been made "a gazing stock" (<a onclick="return mV('Nah',3,6);">Nah 3:6</a>).
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<br><br><b>shall flee from thee</b>—as a thing horrible to look upon. Compare "standing <i>afar off,</i>" <a onclick="return mV('Rev',18,10);">Rev 18:10</a>.
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<br><br><b>whence shall I seek comforters for thee?</b>—Compare <a onclick="return mV('Isa',51,19);">Isa 51:19</a>, which Nahum had before his mind.
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<p id="Na3_8"><b>8. populous No</b>—rather, as <i>Hebrew,</i> "No-ammon," the Egyptian name for Thebes in Upper Egypt; meaning the <i>portion</i> or <i>possession of Ammon,</i> the Egyptian Jupiter (whence the Greeks called the city Diospolis), who was especially worshipped there. The Egyptian inscriptions call the god <i>Amon-re,</i> that is, <i>Amon the Sun;</i> he is represented as a human figure with a ram's head, seated on a chair (<a onclick="return mV('Jer',46,25);">Jer 46:25</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Eze',30,'14-16');">Eze 30:14-16</a>). The blow inflicted on No-ammon, described in <a onclick="return mV('Nah',3,10);">Nah 3:10</a>, was probably by the Assyrian Sargon (see on JFB for <a href="./Comm/jfb/Isa/Isa018.html#Isa18_1">Isa 18:1</a>; JFB for <a href="./Comm/jfb/Isa/Isa020.html#Isa20_1">Isa 20:1</a>). As Thebes, with all her resources, was overcome by Assyria, so Assyrian Nineveh, notwithstanding all her might, in her turn, shall be overcome by Babylon. <i>English Version,</i> "populous," if correct, implies that No's large population did not save her from destruction.
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<br><br><b>situate among the rivers</b>—probably the <i>channels</i> into which the Nile here divides (compare <a onclick="return mV('Isa',19,'6-8');">Isa 19:6-8</a>). Thebes lay on both sides of the river. It was famed in HOMER'S time for its hundred gates [<i>Iliad,</i> 9.381]. Its ruins still describe a circumference of twenty-seven miles. Of them the temples of Luxor and Karnak, east of the river, are most famous. The colonnade of the former, and the grand hall of the latter, are of stupendous dimensions. One wall still represents the expedition of Shishak against Jerusalem under Rehoboam (<a onclick="return mV('1Ki',14,25);">1Ki 14:25</a>; <a onclick="return mV('2Ch',12,'2-9');">2Ch 12:2-9</a>).
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<br><br><b>whose...wall was from the sea</b>—that is, <i>rose up</i> "from the sea." MAURER translates, "whose wall consisted <i>of the sea.</i>" But this would be a mere repetition of the former clause. The Nile is called a <i>sea,</i> from its appearance in the annual flood (<a onclick="return mV('Isa',19,5);">Isa 19:5</a>).
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<p id="Na3_9"><b>9. Ethiopia</b>—<i>Hebrew, Cush.</i> Ethiopia is thought at this time to have been mistress of Upper Egypt.
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<br><br><b>Egypt</b>—Lower Egypt.
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<br><br><b>her strength</b>—her safeguard as an ally.
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<br><br><b>it was infinite</b>—The resources of these, her allies, were endless.
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<br><br><b>Put</b>—or Phut (<a onclick="return mV('Gen',10,6);">Gen 10:6</a>); descended from Ham (<a onclick="return mV('Eze',27,10);">Eze 27:10</a>). From a root meaning a <i>bow;</i> as they were famed as archers [GESENIUS]. Probably west of Lower Egypt. JOSEPHUS [<i>Antiquities,</i> 1:6.2] identifies it with Mauritania (compare <a onclick="return mV('Jer',46,9);">Jer 46:9</a>, <i>Margin;</i> <a onclick="return mV('Eze',38,5);">Eze 38:5</a>).
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<br><br><b>Lubim</b>—the Libyans, whose capital was Cyrene; extending along the Mediterranean west of Egypt (<a onclick="return mV('2Ch',12,3);">2Ch 12:3</a>; <a onclick="return mV('2Ch',16,8);">16:8</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Act',2,10);">Act 2:10</a>). As, however, the <i>Lubim</i> are always connected with the Egyptians and Ethiopians, they are perhaps distinct from the <i>Libyans.</i> The Lubim were probably at first wandering tribes, who afterwards were settled under Carthage in the region of Cyrene, under the name Libyans.
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<br><br><b>thy</b>—No's.
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<br><br><b>helpers</b>—literally, "in thy help," that is, among thy auxiliaries.
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<p id="Na3_10"><b>10.</b> Notwithstanding all her might, she was overcome.
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<br><br><b>cast lots for her honourable men</b>—They divided them among themselves by lot, as slaves (<a onclick="return mV('Joe',3,3);">Joe 3:3</a>).
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<p id="Na3_11"><b>11. drunken</b>—made to drink of the cup of Jehovah's wrath (<a onclick="return mV('Isa',51,17,21);">Isa 51:17, 21</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Jer',25,15);">Jer 25:15</a>).
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<br><br><b>hid</b>—covered out of sight: a prediction remarkably verified in the state in which the ruins of Nineveh have been found [G. V. SMITH]. But as "hid" precedes "seek strength," etc., it rather refers to Nineveh's state when attacked by her foe: "Thou who now so vauntest thyself, shalt be compelled to seek a hiding-place from the foe" [CALVIN]; or, shalt be neglected and slighted by all [MAURER].
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<br><br><b>seek strength because of the enemy</b>—Thou too, like Thebes (<a onclick="return mV('Nah',3,9);">Nah 3:9</a>), shalt have recourse to other nations for help against thy Medo-Babylonian enemy.
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<p id="Na3_12"><b>12. thy strongholds</b>—on the borders of Assyria, protecting the approaches to Nineveh: "the gates of thy land" (<a onclick="return mV('Nah',3,13);">Nah 3:13</a>).
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<br><br><b>fig trees with the first ripe figs</b>—expressing the rapidity and ease of the capture of Nineveh (compare <a onclick="return mV('Isa',28,4);">Isa 28:4</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Rev',6,13);">Rev 6:13</a>).
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<p id="Na3_13"><b>13. thy people</b>—thy soldiers.
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<br><br><b>women</b>—unable to fight for thee (<a onclick="return mV('Isa',19,16);">Isa 19:16</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Jer',50,37);">Jer 50:37</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Jer',51,30);">51:30</a>).
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<br><br><b>gates on thy land</b>—the fortified passes or entrances to the region of Nineveh (compare <a onclick="return mV('Jer',15,7);">Jer 15:7</a>). Northeast of Nineveh there were hills affording a natural barrier against an invader; the guarded passes through these are probably "the gates of the land" meant.
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<br><br><b>fire shall devour thy bars</b>—the "bars" of the fortresses at the passes into Assyria. So in Assyrian remains the Assyrians themselves are represented as setting fire to the gates of a city [BONOMI, <i>Nineveh,</i> pp. 194, 197].
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<p id="Na3_14"><b>14.</b> Ironical exhortation to Nineveh to defend herself.
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<br><br><b>Draw...waters</b>—so as not to be without water for drinking, in the event of being cut off by the besiegers from the fountains.
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<br><br><b>make strong the brick-kiln</b>—or "repair" so as to have a supply of bricks formed of kiln-burnt clay, to repair breaches in the ramparts, or to build new fortifications inside when the outer ones are taken by the foe.
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<p id="Na3_15"><b>15. There</b>—in the very scene of thy great preparations for defense; and where thou now art so secure.
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<br><br><b>fire</b>—even as at the former destruction; Sardanapalus (Pul?) perished with all his household in the conflagration of his palace, having in despair set it on fire, the traces of which are still remaining.
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<br><br><b>cankerworm</b>—"the licking locust" [HENDERSON].
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<br><br><b>make thyself many as the locusts</b>—"the swarming locusts" [HENDERSON]; that is, however "many" be thy forces, like those of "the swarming locusts," or the "licking locusts," yet the foe shall consume thee as the "licking locust" licks up all before it.
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<p id="Na3_16"><b>16. multiplied thy merchants</b>— (<a onclick="return mV('Eze',27,23,24);">Eze 27:23-24</a>). Nineveh, by large canals, had easy access to Babylon; and it was one of the great routes for the people of the west and northwest to that city; lying on the Tigris it had access to the sea. The Phoenicians carried its wares everywhere. Hence its merchandise is so much spoken of.
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<br><br><b>the cankerworm spoileth, and fleeth away</b>—that is, spoiled <i>thy merchants.</i> The "cankerworm," or licking locust, answers to the Medo-Babylonian invaders of Nineveh [G. V. SMITH]. CALVIN explains less probably, "Thy merchants spoiled many regions; but the same shall befall them as befalls locusts, they in a moment shall be scattered and flee away." MAURER, somewhat similarly, "The licking locust puts off (the envelope in which his wings had been folded), and teeth away" (<a onclick="return mV('Nah',2,9);">Nah 2:9</a>; compare <a onclick="return mV('Joe',1,4);">Joe 1:4</a>). The <i>Hebrew</i> has ten different names for the locust, so destructive was it.
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<p id="Na3_17"><b>17. Thy crowned</b>—Thy princes (<a onclick="return mV('Rev',9,7);">Rev 9:7</a>). The king's nobles and officers wore the tiara, as well as the king; hence they are called here "thy crowned ones."
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<br><br><b>as the locusts</b>—as many as <i>the swarming locusts.</i>
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<br><br><b>thy captains</b>—<i>Tiphsar,</i> an <i>Assyrian</i> word; found also in <a onclick="return mV('Jer',51,27);">Jer 51:27</a>, meaning <i>satraps</i> [MICHAELIS]; or rather, "military leaders" [MAURER]. The last syllable, <i>sar</i> means a "prince," and is found in <i>Belshaz-zar, Nabopolas-sar, Nebuchadnez-zar.</i>
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<br><br><b>as the great grasshoppers</b>—literally, "as the locust of locusts," that is, the largest locust. MAURER translates, "as many as <i>locusts upon locusts,</i>" that is, swarms of locusts. <i>Hebrew</i> idiom favors <i>English Version.</i>
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<br><br><b>in the hedges in the cold</b>—Cold deprives the locust of the power of flight; so they alight in cold weather and at night, but when warmed by the sun soon "flee away." So shall the Assyrian multitudes suddenly disappear, not leaving a trace behind (compare PLINY, <i>Natural History,</i> 11.29).
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<p id="Na3_18"><b>18. Thy shepherds</b>—that is, Thy leaders.
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<br><br><b>slumber</b>—are carelessly secure [MAURER]. Rather, "lie in death's sleep, having been slain" [JEROME] (<a onclick="return mV('Exd',15,16);">Exd 15:16</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Psa',76,6);">Psa 76:6</a>).
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<br><br><b>shall dwell <i>in the dust</i></b>— (<a onclick="return mV('Psa',7,5);">Psa 7:5</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Psa',94,17);">94:17</a>).
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<br><br><b>thy people is scattered</b>—the necessary consequence of their leaders being laid low (<a onclick="return mV('1Ki',22,17);">1Ki 22:17</a>).
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<p id="Na3_19"><b>19. bruit</b>—the report.
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<br><br><b>clap the hands</b>—with joy at thy fall. The sole descendants of the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians in the whole country are the Nestorian Christians, who speak a Chaldean language [LAYARD].
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<br><br><b>upon whom hath not thy wickedness passed continually?</b>—implying God's long forbearance, and the consequent enormity of Assyria's guilt, rendering her case one that admitted no hope of restoration.
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