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<p id="Chapter2" align="center">Commentary by A. R. FAUSSET<br>CHAPTER 2
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<p id="Na2_1"><a onclick="return mV('Nah',2,'1-13');">Nah 2:1-13</a>. THE ADVANCE OF THE DESTROYING FORCES AGAINST NINEVEH, AFTER IT WAS USED AS GOD'S ROD FOR A TIME TO CHASTISE HIS PEOPLE: THE CAPTURE OF THAT LION'S DWELLING, ACCORDING TO THE SURE WORD OF JEHOVAH.
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<p><b>1. He that dasheth in pieces</b>—God's "battle axe," wherewith He "breaks in pieces" His enemies. <a onclick="return mV('Jer',51,20);">Jer 51:20</a> applies the same <i>Hebrew</i> term to Nebuchadnezzar (compare <a onclick="return mV('Pro',25,18);">Pro 25:18</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Jer',50,23);">Jer 50:23</a>, "the hammer of the whole earth"). Here the Medo-Babylonian army under Cyaxares and Nabopolassar, that destroyed Nineveh, is prophetically meant.
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<br><br><b>before thy face</b>—before Nineveh. <i>Openly,</i> so that the work of God may be manifest.
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<br><br><b>watch the way</b>—by which the foe will attack, so as to be ready to meet him. Ironical advice; equivalent to a prophecy, Thou shalt have need to use all possible means of defense; but use what thou wilt, all will be in vain.
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<br><br><b>make thy loins strong</b>—The loins are the seat of strength; to gird them up is to prepare all one's strength for conflict (<a onclick="return mV('Job',40,7);">Job 40:7</a>). Also gird on thy sword (<a onclick="return mV('2Sa',20,8);">2Sa 20:8</a>; <a onclick="return mV('2Ki',4,29);">2Ki 4:29</a>).
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<p id="Na2_2"><b>2. For the Lord hath turned away the excellency of Jacob</b>—that is, the time for Nineveh's overthrow is ripe, because Jacob (Judah) and Israel (the ten tribes) have been sufficiently chastised. The Assyrian rod of chastisement, having done its work, is to be thrown into the fire. If God chastised Jacob and Israel with all their "excellency" (Jerusalem and the temple, which was their pre-eminent excellency above all nations in God's eyes, <a onclick="return mV('Psa',47,4);">Psa 47:4</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Psa',87,2);">87:2</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Eze',24,21);">Eze 24:21</a>; see on JFB for <a href="./Comm/jfb/Amo/Amo006.html#Am6_8">Am 6:8</a>), how much more will He punish fatally Nineveh, an alien to Him, and idolatrous? MAURER, not so well, translates, "restores," or "will restore the excellency of Jacob."
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<br><br><b>emptiers</b>—the Assyrian spoilers.
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<br><br><b>have emptied them out</b>—have spoiled the Israelites and Jews (<a onclick="return mV('Hsa',10,1);">Hsa 10:1</a>). Compare <a onclick="return mV('Psa',80,'8-16');">Psa 80:8-16</a>, on "vine branches," as applied to Israel.
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<p id="Na2_3"><b>3. his mighty men</b>—the Medo-Babylonian generals <i>mighty men</i> attacking Nineveh.
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<br><br><b>made red</b>—The ancients dyed their bull's-hide shields <i>red,</i> partly to strike terror into the enemy, chiefly lest the blood from wounds which they might receive should be perceived and give confidence to the foe [CALVIN]. G. V. SMITH conjectures that the reference is to the red reflection of the sun's rays from shields of bronze or copper, such as are found among the Assyrian remains.
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<br><br><b>in scarlet</b>—or <i>crimson</i> military tunics (compare <a onclick="return mV('Mat',27,28);">Mat 27:28</a>). XENOPHON mentions that the Medes were fond of this color. The Lydians and Tyrians extracted the dye from a particular worm.
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<br><br><b>chariots...with flaming torches</b>—that is, the chariots shall be like flaming torches, their wheels in lightning-like rapidity of rotation flashing light and striking sparks from the stones over which they pass (compare <a onclick="return mV('Isa',5,28);">Isa 5:28</a>). <i>English Version</i> supposes a transposition of the <i>Hebrew</i> letters. It is better to translate the <i>Hebrew</i> as it is, "the chariots (shall be furnished) with fire-flashing <i>scythes</i>" (literally, "with the fire," or glitter, <i>of iron weapons</i>). Iron scythes were fixed at right angles to the axles and turned down, or parallel to it, inserted into the felly of the wheel. The Medes, perhaps, had such chariots, though no traces of them are found in Assyrian remains. On account of the latter fact, it may be better to translate, "the chariots (shall come) with the glitter of <i>steel weapons</i>" [MAURER and G. V. SMITH].
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<br><br><b>in the day of his preparation</b>—JEHOVAH'S (<a onclick="return mV('Isa',13,3);">Isa 13:3</a>). Or, "<i>Medo-Babylonian commander's</i> day of preparation for the attack" (<a onclick="return mV('Nah',2,1);">Nah 2:1</a>). "He" confirms this, and "his" in this verse.
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<br><br><b>the fir trees</b>—their fir-tree lances.
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<br><br><b>terribly shaken</b>—branded so as to strike terror. Or, "shall be tremulous with being brandished" [MAURER].
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<p id="Na2_4"><b>4. rage</b>—are driven in furious haste (<a onclick="return mV('Jer',46,9);">Jer 46:9</a>).
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<br><br><b>justle one against another</b>—run to and fro [MAURER].
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<br><br><b>in the broad ways</b>— (<a onclick="return mV('2Ch',32,6);">2Ch 32:6</a>). Large open spaces in the suburbs of Nineveh.
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<br><br><b>they shall seem like torches</b>—literally, "their (feminine in <i>Hebrew</i>) appearance (is)": namely, the appearance of <i>the broad places</i> is like that of torches, through the numbers of chariots in them flashing in the sun (<a onclick="return mV('Pro',8,26);">Pro 8:26</a>, <i>Margin</i>).
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<br><br><b>run like the lightnings</b>—with rapid violence (<a onclick="return mV('Mat',24,27);">Mat 24:27</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Luk',10,18);">Luk 10:18</a>).
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<p id="Na2_5"><b>5.</b> The Assyrian king. The Assyrian preparations for defense.
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<br><br><b>shall recount his worthies</b>— (<a onclick="return mV('Nah',3,18);">Nah 3:18</a>). <i>Review,</i> or <i>count over in his mind,</i> his nobles, choosing out the bravest to hasten to the walls and repel the attack. But in vain; for
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<br><br><b>they shall stumble in their walk</b>—"they shall stumble in their <i>advance</i>" through fear and hurry.
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<br><br><b>the defence shall be prepared</b>—rather, <i>the covering machine</i> used <i>by besiegers</i> to protect themselves in advancing to the wall. Such sudden transitions, as here from the besieged to the besiegers, are frequent (compare <a onclick="return mV('Eze',4,2);">Eze 4:2</a>), [MAURER]. Or, used <i>by the besieged Assyrians</i> [CALVIN].
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<p id="Na2_6"><b>6. The gates of the rivers...opened</b>—The river wall on the Tigris (the west defense of Nineveh) was 4,530 yards long. On the north, south, and east sides, there were large moats, capable of being easily filled with water from the Khosru. Traces of dams ("gates," or sluices) for regulating the supply are still visible, so that the whole city could be surrounded with a water barrier (<a onclick="return mV('Nah',2,8);">Nah 2:8</a>). Besides, on the east, the weakest side, it was further protected by a lofty double rampart with a moat two hundred feet wide between its two parts, cut in the rocky ground. The moats or canals, flooded by the Ninevites before the siege to repel the foe, were made a dry bed to march into the city, by the foe turning the waters into a different channel: as Cyrus did in the siege of Babylon [MAURER]. In the earlier capture of Nineveh by Arbaces the Mede, and Belesis the Babylonian, DIODORUS SICULUS, [1.2.80], states that there was an old prophecy that it should not be taken till the river became its enemy; so in the third year of the siege, the river by a flood broke down the walls twenty furlongs, and the king thereupon burnt himself and his palace and all his concubines and wealth together, and the enemy entered by the breach in the wall. Fire and water were doubtless the means of the second destruction here foretold, as of the first.
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<br><br><b>dissolved</b>—by the inundation [HENDERSON]. Or, those in the palace shall melt with fear, namely, the king and his nobles [GROTIUS].
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<p id="Na2_7"><b>7. Huzzab</b>—the name of the queen of Nineveh, from a <i>Hebrew</i> root implying that she <i>stood by</i> the king (<a onclick="return mV('Psa',45,9);">Psa 45:9</a>), [VATABLUS]. Rather, Nineveh personified as a queen. She who had long <i>stood</i> in the most supreme prosperity. Similarly CALVIN. MAURER makes it not a proper name, and translates, "It is established," or "determined" (compare <a onclick="return mV('Gen',41,32);">Gen 41:32</a>). <i>English Version</i> is more supported by the parallelism.
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<br><br><b>led away captive</b>—The <i>Hebrew</i> requires rather, "she <i>is laid bare</i>"; brought forth from the apartments where Eastern women remained secluded, and is stripped of her ornamental attire. Compare <a onclick="return mV('Isa',47,2,3);">Isa 47:2-3</a>, where the same image of a woman with face and legs exposed is used of a city captive and dismantled (compare <a onclick="return mV('Nah',3,5);">Nah 3:5</a>), [MAURER].
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<br><br><b>brought up</b>—Her people shall be <i>made to go up</i> to Babylon. Compare the use of "go up" for <i>moving from</i> a place in <a onclick="return mV('Jer',21,2);">Jer 21:2</a>.
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<br><br><b>her maids...as...doves</b>—As Nineveh is compared to a queen dethroned and dishonored, so she has here assigned to her in the image <i>handmaids attending her with dove-like plaints</i> (<a onclick="return mV('Isa',38,14);">Isa 38:14</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Isa',59,11);">59:11</a>. The image implies <i>helplessness and grief suppressed, but at times breaking out</i>). The minor cities and dependencies of Nineveh may be meant, or her captive women [JEROME]. GROTIUS and MAURER translate, for "lead <i>her,</i>" "<i>moan,</i>" or "<i>sigh.</i>"
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<br><br><b>tabering</b>—<i>beating</i> on their breasts <i>as on a tambourine.</i>
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<p id="Na2_8"><b>8. But</b>—rather, "Though" [G. V. SMITH].
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<br><br><b>of old</b>—rather, "from the days that she hath been"; from the earliest period of her existence. Alluding to Nineveh's antiquity (<a onclick="return mV('Gen',10,11);">Gen 10:11</a>). "Though Nineveh has been of old defended by water surrounding her, yet her inhabitants shall flee away." GROTIUS, less probably (compare <a onclick="return mV('Nah',3,'8-12');">Nah 3:8-12</a>), interprets, the "waters" of her <i>numerous population</i> (<a onclick="return mV('Isa',8,7);">Isa 8:7</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Jer',51,13);">Jer 51:13</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Rev',17,15);">Rev 17:15</a>).
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<br><br><b>Stand, stand, <i>shall they cry</i></b>—that is, the few patriotic citizens <i>shall cry</i> to their <i>fleeing</i> countrymen; "but none looketh back," much less stops in flight, so panic-stricken are they.
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<p id="Na2_9"><b>9. silver...gold</b>—The conquerors are summoned to plunder the city. Nineveh's riches arose from the annual tribute paid by so many subject states, as well as from its extensive merchandise (<a onclick="return mV('Nah',3,16);">Nah 3:16</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Eze',27,23,24);">Eze 27:23-24</a>).
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<br><br><b>store</b>—accumulated by the plunder of subject nations. It is remarkable, that while small articles of value (bronze inlaid with gold, gems, seals, and alabaster <i>vases</i>) are found in the ruins of Nineveh, there are is none of <i>gold</i> and <i>silver.</i> These, as here foretold, were "taken for spoil" before the palaces were set on fire.
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<br><br><b>glory out of all the pleasant furniture</b>—or, "there is abundance of precious vessels of every kind" [MAURER].
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<p id="Na2_10"><b>10.</b> Literally, "emptiness, and emptiedness, and devastation." The accumulation of substantives without a verb (as in <a onclick="return mV('Nah',3,2);">Nah 3:2</a>), the two first of the three being derivatives of the same root, and like in sound, and the number of syllables in them increasing in a kind of climax, intensify the gloomy effectiveness of the expression. <i>Hebrew, Bukah, Mebukah, Mebullakah</i> (compare <a onclick="return mV('Isa',24,1,3,4);">Isa 24:1, 3-4</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Zep',1,15);">Zep 1:15</a>).
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<br><br><b>faces of all gather blackness</b>— (See on JFB for <a href="./Comm/jfb/Joe/Joe002.html#Joe2_6">Joe 2:6</a>). CALVIN translates, "withdraw (literally, 'gather up') their glow," or flush, that is grow pale. This is probably the better rendering. So MAURER.
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<p id="Na2_11"><b>11. dwelling of...lions</b>—Nineveh, the seat of empire of the rapacious and destructive warriors of various ranks, typified by the "lions," "young lions," "old lion" (or <i>lioness</i> [MAURER]), "the lion's whelp." The image is peculiarly appropriate, as lions of every form, winged, and sometimes with the head of a man, are frequent in the Assyrian sepulchres. It was as full of spoils of all nations as a lion's den is of remains of its prey. The question, "Where," etc., implies that Jehovah "would make an utter end of <i>the place,</i>" so that its very site could not be found (<a onclick="return mV('Nah',1,8);">Nah 1:8</a>). It is a question expressing wonder, so incredible did it then seem.
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<p id="Na2_12"><b>12. prey...ravin</b>—different kinds of prey. Compare <a onclick="return mV('Isa',3,1);">Isa 3:1</a>, "the stay and the staff."
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<p id="Na2_13"><b>13. burn...in the smoke</b>—or (so as to pass) "<i>into</i> smoke," that is, "entirely" [MAURER], (<a onclick="return mV('Psa',37,20);">Psa 37:20</a>; <a onclick="return mV('Psa',46,9);">46:9</a>). CALVIN, like <i>English Version,</i> explains, As soon as the flame catches, and the fire smokes, by the mere smoke I will burn her chariots.
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<br><br><b>cut off thy prey from the earth</b>—Thou shalt no more carry off prey from the nations of the earth.
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<br><br><b>the voice of thy messengers...no more...heard</b>—No more shall thy emissaries be heard throughout thy provinces conveying thy king's commands, and exacting tribute of subject nations.
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