44 lines
3.3 KiB
HTML
44 lines
3.3 KiB
HTML
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<title>BLB - Text Commentaries</title>
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Title = 'Appendix I';
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<h2>Appendix I</h2>
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<h2>The Mishnah, Talmud &Targums</h2>
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<h3>Mishnah</h3>
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<p>Mishnah: Literally "repeated study," the Mishnah is the oldest post biblical collection and codification of the Jewish Oral Laws, systematically compiled by numerous authors over a period of two centuries. The Mishnah was completed around 200 C.E. By Rabbi Judah. It represents various oral traditions that had been preserved since the time of Ezra, 450 B.C.E. It is made up of six Orders, called Sedarim and 63 tractates.</p>
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<h3>Talmud</h3>
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<p>The word Talmud means "study or learning" and is a commentary on the Mishna. The Talmud contains quotes from the Mishnah with commentary called Gemara. When the Mishnah was combined with these commentaries they were given the name Talmud.</p>
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<p>The Talmud Bavi (Babylonian Talmud) was written from the years 200 - 400 C.E. And was taken from oral and written materials from the time of Ezra. It comments on the whole Mishna while the Talmud Yerushalemi (Palestinian or Jerusalem Talmud), on which work ended in 500 C.E., comments mainly on the first four orders of the Mishna. Authorities agree that it was never completed.</p>
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<p>In 1631 the Talmud was edited to remove many of the references to Jesus of Nazareth because there were many derogatory references to Jesus and the church used these to justify persecution of the Jews.</p>
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<h3>Midrash</h3>
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<p>These are commentaries on the Tanakh which date from as early as 100-200 C.E. and as late as 1600 C.E. These are running commentaries on the Bible. The Midrash is divided as follows:</p>
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<p><b>Halakah</b> Midrashim comment mainly on the books Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers & Deuteronomy.</p>
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<p><i>Mekhilta</i></p>
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<p><i>Mekhlita DeRabbi Shim'on ben Yohai</i></p>
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<p><i>Sifra, Sifre, Sifre Zuta,</i></p>
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<p><b>Haggadah</b> Midrashim expounds on the non-legal parts of Scripture.</p>
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<p><i>Midrash rabba 5th century</i></p>
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<p><i>Tanhuma 4th Century</i></p>
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<p><i>Pesiqta de Rabbi Kahana</i></p>
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<p><i>Pesiqta rabbati</i></p>
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<p><i>Avat de Rabbi Natan</i></p>
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<p><i>Tanna deve Eliyyahu</i></p>
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<p><i>Pirqe de Rabbi Eliezer</i></p>
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<p><i>Yakult Shimoni 13th century</i></p>
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<p><i>Yakult ha-makhiri 14th century</i></p>
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<p><i>Yakult 'En Ya'aqov 16th century</i></p>
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<h3>Targums</h3>
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<p>These are perhaps the oldest commentaries on the Tanakh known. The Targums are Aramaic translations of the original Hebrew Tanakh with the addition of Rabbinical commentary on the text just translated. They were written between about 200 B.C.E.-200 C.E. The oldest extant manuscripts of Targum material is the Targum Onkelos from the third century C.E.</p>
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